Effects of out-of-school physical activity interventions based on self-determination theory in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of out-of-school physical activity (PA) interventions, based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), on basic psychological needs (BPN), motivation toward PA, and PA levels in youths. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analyses. METHOD: We searched for intervention studies examining the effects of PA interventions based on SDT implemented outside the school published in English and Spanish in six electronic databases up to January 2022. RESULTS: Outcomes of interest were BPN, motivation, and PA levels. In total, nine studies were included in this review. Seven individual meta-analyses were conducted for each variable, revealing nonsignificant clustered effects for the outcomes autonomy satisfaction (g = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.55]), competence satisfaction (g = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.32]), relatedness satisfaction (g = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.68]), autonomous motivation (g = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.67]), controlled motivation (g = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.55]), amotivation (g = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.16]), and PA behavior (g = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.12]). CONCLUSION: Meta-analyses suggest that out-of-school PA interventions based on SDT are not effective in increasing levels of needs satisfaction, types of motivation, and PA levels.

Revisión sistemática sobre la efectividad de los programas de actividad física para reducir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los jóvenes en edad escolar / Systematic review about the effectiveness of physical activity programs to reduce overweight and obesity in school-age youth / Revisão sistemática da eficácia de programas de atividade física para reduzir sobrepeso e obesidade em jovens em idade escolar

El propósito del presente trabajo fue conocer la efectividad de los programas de intervención destinados a disminuir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los jóvenes. Se seleccionaron 266 publicaciones obtenidas mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos: Pubmed (n = 83), Science Direct (n = 2091), Scopus (n = 100) y Web of Science (n = 107). Tras la lectura del resumen y/o texto completo, los estudios seleccionados se redujeron a 21. La edad de los participantes osciló entre los 6 y 16 años. Las conclusiones del estudio fueron que los programas más efectivos fueron aquellos que realizaron dos sesiones semanales de actividad física, con una duración de 45 minutos, a una intensidad moderada y vigorosa

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of intervention programs aimed to reduce overweight and obesity in young people. A total of 266 publications were selected, obtained by searching the databases: Pubmed (n = 83), Science Direct (n = 2091), Scopus (n = 100) and Web of Science (n = 107). After reading the abstract and full text, the selected studies were reduced 21. The age of the participants ranged from 6 to 16 years. The conclusions of the study were that the most effective programs were those that carried out two weekly sessions of physical activity, lasting 45 minutes, at a moderate and vigorous intensity

O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a eficácia dos programas de intervenção que visam reduzir o excesso de peso e a obesidade em jovens. Foram selecionadas 266 publicações, obtidas nas bases de dados: Pubmed (n = 83), Science Direct (n = 2091), Scopus (n = 100) e Web of Science (n = 107). Após a leitura do resumo e do texto completo, os estudos selecionados foram reduzidos a 21. A idade dos participantes variou de 6 a 16 anos. As conclusões do estudo foram de que os programas mais eficazes foram aqueles que realizavam duas sessões semanais de atividade física, com uma duração de 45 minutos, com intensidade moderada e vigorosa

Adapting the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 for Spanish Usage.

This study translated, adapted, and validated the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) for the Spanish language and cultural context. We utilized a cross-sectional design with 747 athlete participants (436 males, 311 females), ranging in age from 11-24 years ( M = 16.04; SD = 2.57). Participants were involved in a variety of individual and team sports and were from various autonomous regions of Spain. Participants completed the Spanish-language version of the SCQ-2 developed for this study. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated acceptable fit of the proposed factor structure and gender invariance for the new Spanish language scale. Test subscales were internally consistent, and the Spanish language version of the SCQ-2 was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the level of sport commitment in young athletes in the Spanish cultural context.

Motivation and Physical Activity: Differences Between High School and University Students in Spain.

Grounded in self-determination theory, this study aimed first to examine differences in motivation for physical activity (PA) and habitual PA levels between adolescents and university students in Spain. The second aim was to examine differences in the degree of association between their intrinsic motivation and amotivation for PA and habitual PA levels in both samples. We studied 2,699 students (1,833 high school and 866 university; mean age = 18.83, standard deviation = 4.12 years) who completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and two dimensions of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. High school students, relative to university students, self-reported significantly higher intrinsic motivation and higher PA levels for each type of PA intensity (i.e., walk, moderate, and vigorous); high school students also self-reported significantly lower amotivation than university students. The degree of association between the total metabolic equivalents of task and intrinsic motivation was higher among high school (versus) university students. This study shows the need to design intervention strategies to enhance PA levels and intrinsic motivation in university students.

El conflicto de rol y el conflicto de equipo como debilitadores de la eficacia colectiva / Role conflict and team confict as debilitators of collective efficacy

El principal objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el conflicto con el rol y el conflicto en el equipo como favorecedores o debilitadores de la eficacia colectiva. Los participantes fueron 225 jugadoras de fútbol profesional con edades entre los 15 y los 36 años (M = 22.20; DE = 4.61), que forman parte de 13 equipos de la 1ª División Femenina Española de Fútbol, las cuales rellenaron diferentes instrumentos para valorar el conflicto de rol, el conflicto de equipo y la eficacia colectiva. Los resultados mostraron a través de correlaciones parciales como el conflicto en el equipo, tanto de tarea como de relaciones, se relaciona de forma negativa con la eficacia colectiva. En cambio, el conflicto con el rol no mostró relaciones significativas con la eficacia colectiva. Estos resultados se confirman cuando se observa el análisis de regresión, donde únicamente el conflicto en el equipo presentó una predicción negativa y significativa con respecto a la eficacia colectiva. La principal conclusión que puede extraerse del estudio es que los conflictos grupales parecen tener mayor relevancia que el conflicto de rol a la hora de deteriorar la confianza en las capacidades de un equipo para afrontar la competición

The present research project consists of a predictive analysis of the offensive transitions (defensive-offensive transitions) performed by the best European national football teams. The main aims in the research were to determine whether it is possible to predict the result of offensive transitions during a match and, if so, to identify which variables will determine those predictions. To tackle these objectives a logistic regression multivariable model was used. The sample consisted of 14 matches, and 743 offensive transitions during the final stage the Swiss-Austrian European Cup 2008. The use of this model enabled us to conclude that it is possible to predict the result of the offensive transitions performed during the match and, furthermore, to determine which variables enble us to make these predictions. The data show that we can foresee the final outcome of offensive transitions depending on the spatial configuration interaction beginning, as well as the team’s tactical intention and duration. This information may be used by trainers to create performance tasks which may result in the appearance of these conditions in the team’s offensive transitions, in order to automatize performance in the game

Self-determination in teaching formative basketball players and its influence on respect to rules and opponents

El objetivo del presente estudio era analizar los comportamientos adaptativos de jugadores de baloncesto en etapas de formación en función de sus motivaciones para realizar la práctica deportiva. Para ello, han participado 284 jugadores federados de baloncesto, de entre 11 y 16 años de edad de la región de Extremadura. Para el análisis de los resultados se ha utilizado el programa estadístico SPSS 19.0 y se han realizado el análisis descriptivo, de correlaciones y de regresión lineal por bloques. Los resultados más importantes del estudio muestran que los jugadores con motivaciones más autodeterminadas, como la motivación intrínseca e identificada, muestran mayores conductas adaptativas, como son el respeto a las reglas y a los adversarios. Finalmente, se debe fomentar la práctica deportiva de los jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto desde regulaciones más intrínsecas para que el deporte en estas edades sea algo más que deporte y sirva de aprendizaje y transmisión de valores sociales (AU)

The aim of this study was to examine adaptive behaviors in teaching formative basketball players with regard to their motivations to play. Hence, 284 federative basketball players, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old from the Region of Extremadura took part in the study. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and lineal regression analysis were conducted with SPSS 19.0 statistical program. Results showed that more self-determined players had greater adaptive conducts, such as respect to rules and opponents. Finally, it is noteworthy to provide intrinsic regulations in youth basketball players to create a good learning and promotes social values (AU)

The Importance of Parents' Behavior in their Children's Enjoyment and Amotivation in Sports.

The main aim of the research was to examine the relationship between motivational orientations and parents' behavior with regard to the players' motivational orientation, motivational climate, enjoyment and amotivation. The sample comprised 723 athletes (M = 12.37, SD = 1.48) and 723 parents (M = 46.46, SD = 2.56). Players were male and female who belonged to federative basketball, handball, football and volleyball teams. Parents and athletes completed questionnaires that assessed motivational orientations, parents' involvement in the practice as well as enjoyment and motivation in the sport. Results showed a positive relationship between parents' support of the sport and players' enjoyment and a negative relationship with players' amotivation. Moreover, in players who perceived more pressure from their parents, there was a positive association with amotivation and a negative one with enjoyment. Lastly, it was emphasized that appropriate parental participation can promote an increase of players' enjoyment of and motivation for sport.

Analysis of cohesion and collective efficacy profiles for the performance of soccer players.

The principal aims of the study were to define different profiles of cohesion and perceived efficacy in soccer players and to measure their differences in performance. The subjects were 235 soccer players in the under-18 category who played in the National League in Spain and 15 coaches whose ages ranged from 29 to 45 years. Diverse instruments to assess cohesion, perceived efficacy, and expectations of success were used in the study. Moreover, we measured playing time and performance. The results of the study proved the existence of four cohesion and efficacy profiles that presented significant differences in expectations of success, playing time, and performance. Furthermore, significant differences were found in the distribution of players in the teams as a function of performance. The main conclusion of this study is that soccer players with higher cohesion and collective efficacy levels belonged to teams that completed the season at the top-level classification. In contrast, athletes with low cohesion and collective efficacy usually played in unsuccessful teams. Coaches and sports psychologists are encouraged to promote both social and task cohesion and collective efficacy to enhance team performance.

Análisis de los antecedentes motivacionales en árbitros de baloncesto y su incidencia en el agotamiento emocional / Analysis of the motivational antecedents in basketball referees and its incidence on emotional burnout

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre los antecedentes motivacionales y su influencia en el burnout en árbitros de baloncesto. Para ello, se han seleccionado 30 árbitros con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 41 años (M = 24.8; DT = 5.74). Los resultados revelaron relaciones positivas entre los mediadores de la frustación de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (autonomía, competencia y relaciones sociales) con la desmotivación. Lo mismo sucede con el agotamiento emocional que se asocia de forma positiva y significativamente con la frustación de autonomía, competencia y relaciones sociales. Además, el mayor predictor del agotamiento emocional fue la desmotivación. Finalmente, los resultados son discutidos para mejorar el conocimiento sobre la motivación y el burnout (AU)

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between motivational antecedents and its influence on burnout in basketball referees. Hence, 30 referees ranging in age from 17 to 41 years old (M =24.8; SD = 5.74) were selected, Results revealed a positive relationship between basics psychological needs thwarting (autonomy, competence and relatedness) and a motivation. Moreover, emotional burnout was positive related with autonomy, competence and relatedness thwarting. Furthermore, emotional burnout emerged as the strongest predictor of a motivation. Finally, results are discussed in the light of enhance the knowledge about motivation and burnout (AU)

Análisis del clima motivacional como antecedente de la eficacia colectiva en futbolistas semiprofesionales / Analysis of motivational climate as the background to collective efficacy in semi-professional football players

El principal objetivo del estudio es examinar la relación del clima motivacional del entrenador y los compañeros con la eficacia colectiva. Para ello, se empleó una muestra de 377 futbolistas del Grupo XIV de Tercera División Española que rellenaron cuestionarios sobre el clima motivacional de los compañeros y del entrenador y la eficacia colectiva. Tras el análisis de los resultados, se comprueba cómo el clima motivacional que implica a la tarea de los compañeros y del entrenador se relacionan y predicen de forma positiva la eficacia colectiva. Como conclusión, destacar la importancia por parte del entrenador de establecer estrategias para fomentar un clima adecuado entre los jugadores durante los entrenamientos para aumentar la percepción de eficacia colectiva del grupo(AU)

The main aim of the study was to examine the relationships between the motivational climate created by coaches and peers regarding collective efficacy. To this end, we used a sample of 377 football players belonging to 20 teams in Group XIV of the Spanish Third Division, who completed questionnaires on peer motivational climate, coach motivational climate and collective efficacy. After analyzing the results, we showed that the mastery climate created by peers and coach had a significant and positive relationship to collective efficacy. This association was supported by a regression analysis that showed that the mastery climate was the strongest predictor of collective efficacy. To conclude, we emphasize the importance of promoting a mastery climate in training sessions by coaches and peers to improve collective efficacy(AU)